The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman...

In my view, intolerance is the unfair act of being treated unjustly by others. This closed-minded action is one that is unfortunately an increasing problem in today’s society for many different reasons. Intolerance is the greatest issue we face regarding discrimination and racism among others, increasing the tension and conflict between people. One example of Junior, also known as Arnold, experiencing intolerance is when he is made fun of by his peers on his reservation in Wellpinit for having a lisp and eye abnormalities. Junior cannot help that he was born with these physical defects and has no control over the fact that he has to live with them. In Reardan, Junior is picked on the antagonist, Roger that creates even more of a struggle†¦show more content†¦A final example of intolerance in this story is when Junior is explaining the differences between Wellpinit kids and Reardan kids, â€Å"I was the only kid, white or Indian, who knew that Charles Dickens wrote A Tale of Two Cities. And let me tell you, we Indians were the worst of times and those Reardan kids were the best of times,† (Alexie 56). Although Junior obviously feels out of place in Reardan due to racial differences, he masks that fact by introducing the idea that Wellpinit kids still had a more rough life than Rearden kids regardless. Junior wants us as the audience to know that the intolerance he experienced as an Indian makes him want to break away from his roots even more. 3. I believe The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is an inappropriate book for kids at a certain age. Middle school aged kids and above would be an acceptable age to read this text because of the vulgarity, violence, and troubling topics it entails. I think it good for kids to be exposed to some wrong in the world while they are still young, but only to a certain extent. For example, death is a huge component to this story. Junior says, â€Å"And, after Eugenes funeral, I agreed with her. I could have easily killed myself, killed my mother and father, killed the birds, killed the trees, and killed the oxygen in the air. More than anything, I wanted to kill God. I was joyless,† (Alexie 132). This demonstratesShow MoreRelatedThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian, By Sherman Alexie1391 Words   |  6 Pagesthat go along with living on an Indian reservation, this statistic may appear slightly more alarming. The effects of growing up on a reservation is a comm only overlooked topic that many don’t give a second glance. Unfortunately, there are issues that should be seen by the common person and with the knowledge of these issues, can possibly alter a person outlook on reservations in the US. In the novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, the author sheds light on theRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie895 Words   |  4 PagesDouble-consciousness in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian   Double-consciousness this sense of always looking at one s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity (Dubois, 8). W.E.B. Du Bois had a perfect definition of double-consciousness. The action of viewing one s self through the eyes of others and measuring one s soul. Looking at all of the thoughts good or bad coming from others. This is presentRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of The Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie2068 Words   |  9 Pagesviolence, and judgements of inappropriate behavior based on the age of the reader. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is one of those books, and in the opinions of many the novel actually consists of nearly all of these reasons why most books are banned. The book is actually one, if not the most, challenged book in the United States. Sherman Alexie s 2007 novel The Absolutely True Diary of the Part-Time Indian is considered a controversial novel because of it s demeaning references to alcoholismRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1136 Words   |  5 PagesCritical analysis of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, investigates the hidden facts about Indians. Alexie displays amiability, sorrow, and reality through his primary character, Junior, to influence the reader to comprehend how much the Native Americans are suffering. In present-day society, desperate Indians that reside in these reservations endure incurable poverty that keeps on prevailing. This dim world loadedRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1277 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone is unique. All of these attributes can affect relationships. The novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, and modern sources explore how mental and physical attributes affect friendship quality. Both authors show how, often, same-race friendships form tighter bonds. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian best friends Junior and Rowdy are both Spokane Indians who are fighting throughout the novel. They experienced their culture together and stayedRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1131 Words   |  5 PagesMufeez Amjad Ms. Habib ENG 2DG-40 December 4th, 2015 Identity Crisis in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Almost all teens experience some sort of an identity crisis. They struggle with finding a clearer sense of themselves. Arnold Spirit Jr., a 14-year-old reservation Indian, faces an identity crisis when he leaves his reservation to go to school in Reardan, a town inhibited by white people. To begin, Arnold moves between different settings, and when he does, there is a change in hisRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian `` By Sherman Alexie1001 Words   |  5 Pageswith Azerbaijan. Furthermore the poor economy and inflation destroyed numerous people hopes and future. In the novel, â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian†, by Sherman Alexie, Arnold Spirit is also known as Junior describes his life challenges of poverty living on Spokane reservation. Like Arnold, as I begin to compare him going through hardship and finding out true place in the world, I often find similarities in living in poverty with large effect of hunger and education. To begin withRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1255 Words   |  6 Pagesmanaged to make it through all of that death and change. I made a list of the people who had given me the most joy in my life.’† (Alexie 176). Throughout the novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, the main character Junior Spirit is torn between the two worlds of Native Americans and White people. This denied him of finding a true identity in which humans sought after through William Glasser’s 5 Basic Needs Theory, which states that a human’s identity is affectedRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1974 Words   |  8 PagesUnited States, but we can see that this problem still exists. In the book, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, Arnold Spirit has been a victim of racism in his school. Arnold wants to get a better education and in order to do that, he would have to go to a white school where he would face discrimination. In the novel â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian† Sherman Alexie has given us a story of an Indian boy who exemplifies the overcoming of everyday systematic racism. He has shownRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Sherman Alexie is an award-winning author who wrote the book The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. The book is a semi-autobiography of Alexie’s life and his experience growing up on an Indian Reservation, as well as a more economically well-off school, where he was the only Native American student. The book gives readers the opportunity to get an idea of what life is like living on an impoverished reservation. It depicts the struggles of young Arnold Spirit Jr., or Junior, as he is

Diabetes Mellitus A Group Of Metabolic Diseases That...

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases that affect how your body uses blood glucose. Glucose is important to health because it is the source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and tissues. It is also the brain s main source of fuel. The disease is characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is estimated that 8.3% of the United States population have diabetes and another 7 million are undiagnosed (Huether and McCance, 2012). A diabetes diagnosis is based on Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels /= 6.5%, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) levels /= 126 mg/dl, 2-hour plasma glucose levels during Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing (OGTT) /= 200 mg/dl,†¦show more content†¦Effective management of diabetes requires that a meal plan, education and counseling programs be individualized for each client. A nurse, dietician, family, as well as the client must work together on all aspects of meal planning. Diet therapy involves keeping blood glucose and HbA1c, serum lipid levels, and blood pressure as near normal as possible. These factors will help prevent complications of diabetes, which include renal disease, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease (Huether and McCance, 2012). . Diabetic clients must follow a day-to-day consistency in the timing and amount of food eaten to help control blood glucose. Clients receiving insulin therapy must eat at a consistent time that coordinates with the timed action of insulin. The daily caloric intake is spread among three main meals and any between-meal or bedtime snack. 15% to 20% of daily caloric intake must consist of protein. Of the remaining 80% to 90% of calories, less than 10% should be from saturated fat and up to 10% should be from polyunsaturated fat. The remaining 60% to70% should come from monounsaturated fat and carbohydrates. High fiber diets are recommended to improve carbohydrate metabolism and lower cholesterol levels. Intake of 20 to 35 g of dietary per day isShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1261 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes or as doctors would refer by as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has a high blood glucose level above 110 mg/dL because insulin production is inadequate, the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or even both. Diabetes mellitus is also a contributing factor of development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal failure, blindness, and stroke as individuals’ age. There are 3 different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1diabetes mellitusRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1238 Words   |  5 Pages Diabetes or as doctors would refer by as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has a high blood glucose level (above 110 mg/dL) because insulin production is inadequate, the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or even both. Diabetes mellitus is also a contributing factor of development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal failure, blindness, and stroke as individuals’ age. There are 3 different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1diabetes mellitusRead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition which afflicts millions of people around the world. It is related to the insulin hormone, which is secreted by cells in the pancreas, regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. In someone who has diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. There are three main types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestationalRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes927 Words   |  4 Pagesmetabolism. Glucose needs insulin in order to enter or bodies cells so we can have energy. If there is no insulin the body does not make enough insulin glucose cannot get into our cells to make energy Our blood carries the glucose to all parts of our bodies for us to use as en ergy. â€Å"Type one and Type two diabetes mellitus are two separate and distinct pathophysiological entities.† Lippincott, 2010 page 286 .There are two main types of Diabetes. The third type is gestational diabetes. The firstRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1258 Words   |  6 PagesDIABETES Diabetes mellitus (DM), referred to as diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitusRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Is Not A Single Disease1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinform you, but yes, you do have Diabetes Type 2.† In 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had diabetes. Of the 29.1 million, 21.0 million were diagnosed, and 8.1 million were undiagnosed. In 1996 diabetes contributed to more than 162,000 deaths(Lewis 1367). According to, well known, diabetes researcher McCance Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common (674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemiaRead MoreLifelong Changes Necessary for Diabetes Mellitus1751 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. It’s a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, of insulin resistance, or both. It is a major public health problem worldwide and also a leading cause of new cases of blindness, end stage kidney disease, and foot or leg amputation. 3 General classifications of Diabetes Mellitus are: type 1 and type and Gestational. 1. Identify and compare risk factors forRead MoreDiabetes Type One As A Worldwide Disease1414 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes type one is classified as a worldwide disease that occurs at any age. Most often, diabetes type one usually develop at the beginning of adolescence. The American Diabetes Association explains the important relationship between insulin relating to diabetes type one in an individuals. Diabetes typically happens when the body has trouble producing insulin. â€Å"Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy that is needed for daily life. With the helpRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes Diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes is a metabolic disease in which there are high blood glucose levels (blood sugar levels) over a period of time. In addition, it is the failure of either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are two chronic types of Diabetes Mellitus; one is known as Type one Diabetes Mellitus (DM) which is the body’s inability to produce insulin (a hormone) thatRead MoreType 1 Diabetes : Disease Control And Prevention1589 Words   |  7 PagesType 1 Diabetes According to Centers of Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) and American Diabetes Association that in 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population had diabetes. Of which, approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have type 1 diabetes. It is also stated in the American Diabetes Association that 8.1 million of the 29.1 million were undiagnosed. A statistics from the CDC shows that 1 out of 4 people do not know they have diabetes supporting the American Diabetes

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great- Obituary Essay Alexander the Great 356 323, King of Macedon, Conqueror of most of Asia Born in July in Pella, Macedon in 356, Alexander was born to Phillip of Macedon and the Epirote princess Olympias. Legend has it that Zeus himself actually impregnated Olympias, but thats just an urban myth. As a young boy Alexander the not-so-very-big was tutored by the great Aristotle. Aristotle gave Alexander a thorough schooling in all the subjects necessary for the son of a king. Alexander had his first taste of power when he was 16 in 340. His father attacked Byzantium and left Alexander the-teenager in charge of Macedonia. Four years later though, his father was assassinated at the wedding of his third wife, supposedly by a former lover. At the tender age of 20, Alexander was in control of an empire with great potential. The following year (335) saw Alexander the-bigger-now unite all of Greece under one kingdom. In 333 Alexander defeated the main bulk of the Persian army at Issus. Darius III the king of Persia at the time fled in such a panic that he left his family and most of his treasure behind. From then on nothing could stop Alexander the really-quite-good. He liberated Egypt, founded a few cities (all called Alexandria) and chopped the famous Gordian Knot in half, that said whoever unties it will rule Asia. Then Alexander went to Babylon but didnt have time to sit by the river as he was in a hurry to expand eastwards into India. After conquering Northern India, Alexander the-well-and-truly-greats soldiers had enough; they wanted to go home, as most of them had not seen their families in years. A peoples man, Alexander turned back, but on the way to collect the bulk of the Persian gold, his best friend, Hephaestion died. Alexander was distraught and when he arrived in Babylon, he fell gravely ill. Alexander the Great held an empire from Egypt and Greece to India and Babylon, conquered in just thirteen years and on June 10 323 Alexander passed away resulting from a fever. He was one month short of his 33rd birthday. .

Employment Opportunity in Gender and Employment

Question: Discuss about the Employment Opportunity in Gender and Employment. Answer: Introduction: Tremendous progress regarding gender equality has been witnessed in the labour market. However, in some countries, women continue to face unequal compensation for the same work, despite the ongoing campaign against such discrimination. Unequal compensation for women in the same job category as their male counterpart is a problem which has persisted in Australia and many other countries (Baird, 2011, p. 75). In understanding this issue, intense research should be done to establish the link between employment and this form of discrimination. This paper intends to summarise the two articles, which are, Will the real gender pay gap please stand up? by R. Cassells and 100 million Kalashnikovs: gendered power on a world scale by R.Connell. After which I will develop my position regarding gender and employment. Rebecca introduces her article by acknowledging that the gender pay gap is not an explicit subject to many. The confusion which characterises it is rooted in the belief that gender pay gap equally means direct discrimination. Besides, it is also rooted in the misunderstanding of what gender pay gap informs the public in reference to the overall inequality which marks the Australian labour market. Therefore, in her article Cassells calls for clarity on the concept of gender pay gap and what it can inform the public concerning the present and future economic security of women and the missed opportunity in the human resource as well as investment. She postulates gender gap pay as the difference between the average wages of men and women working for the same hours. Rebecca further notes that Australia has witnessed a growth in the numbers of women joining the labour force. She identifies paid parental leave, levels of education, availability of child care, and flexible working condition as the main elements which have facilitated the increase of women in the labour force. Conversely, she notes that despite the numerous legislations to curb workplace inequalities, the gender pay gap has remained constant. Cassells also identify why gender pay gap features Australian labour market. She recognizes segregation as one of the reasons. Segregation in this sense means men tend to dominate in given sector while women dominate another sector. For example, in Australia men dominate in the mining and construction industries while women dominate in the education and the healthcare sector. She concludes her article by recommending a thorough study on the possible drivers of the gender pay gap in order to identify an amicable solution to this problem (Cassells, 2017, p. 1-4). Raewyn Connell opens her article by affirming the need to think about gender in a global perspective. She identifies militarization across the continents and regions, neoliberal maquila economy, complicity of the states, violence due to drug trafficking menace, and the wider context of violence as the principal reasons why gender issues must be analysed from a global viewpoint. The article also suggests that thinking of gender as a global issue should entail thinking of concepts such as race, nation, class, and capitalist world order and how they are related to gender. However, she quickly notes that such an approach is inadequate and weak. She, therefore, recommends a better approach which includes considering how gender itself is global phenomenon, how neoliberal capitalism and its class and race structures are planned through gender as well as interacting with gender relations. In addition, Connell identifies transnational corporation (TNC) as an ideal starting point while thinking about gender within a global economy. She anchors her reasons for this choice on the fact that almost all TNCs top managers are men. Besides, TNCs employ women to handle the lighter duties of service workers, clericals, and sales people. Men, on the other hand, are hired to handle the demanding tasks such as technicians, guards, long distance drivers, and tradesmen. Raewyn concludes her article by giving a reflection on the feminism struggle against structured masculinity which has been integrated into different forms of leadership (Connell, 2016, p. 3-17). My position on Gender and Employment Advocating for equal and just remuneration as well as equal income opportunities for both men and women has been a top agenda for the International Labour Organization (ILO). ILO has established that assimilating gender issues into employment structures enhance productivity which leads to rapid economic growth. Similarly, the move leads to sustainable development, human resource expansion, and reduction in poverty. Integrating gender equality into the labour force has achieved minimal progress over the previous decades. Hence, narrowing the gender pay gap and gender inequality in workplaces persist as a major challenge. Although millions of women have emerged as successful entrepreneurs, women remain the most underrepresented group in major decision-making forums (Charlesworth, 2012, p. 110). Especially, in the developing nations, women constitute the majority of those who face unemployment, poor working conditions, and earn less wages as compared to their male counterpart. It is thus explicit that in large extent women do not enjoy equal privileges in employment as their male counterparts. As a consequence, they are prone to socioeconomic difficulties. Women become vulnerable to socioeconomic challenges due to gender-based discrimination as well as multiple roles they take part in as caretakers and workers of the society (Haque, 2008, p. 32). These duties entrusted to them, deny them opportunities to further their education, develop their skills, accesses productive resources, and compete fairly with their male counterparts. This problem can largely be attributed to social norms which ascribe gender roles. Besides, women are mostly involved in care work which is unpaid, and this further increases their challenge to engage in economically productive work. Promotion of gender equality in employment is possible only through adoption of life-cycle and rights-based approach. This approach is the ideal because it advocates for productive and decent employment. The approach further enhances equal income opportunities for men and women. The approach minimizes situations which lead to economic disadvantages. For example, if a young girl experiences discrimination in her childhood she automatically becomes prone to socioeconomic difficulties. Such socioeconomic limitations reduce her employability in future, thus increasing chances of her to end up poor in life (Rawstron, 2013, p. 780). The approach ensures adequate advancement of the human resource through ensuring equal accesses to training, education, and skill development. Such a move enhances higher employability for both young men and women. Equally, creation of inclusive employment markets which integrate equity and changing economic phenomenon ensure sustainable employment of the both men and women. Sustainability facilitates income security for both genders (Burgess and Strachan, 2010, p. 90). In conclusion, promotion of gender in employment is not an easy and straightforward process. It demands reduction of the inequalities regardless of which side they favour (Skinner, and Pocock, 2011, p. 75). Only adequate understanding of the gender concept can lead to annihilation of the gender gap. References Baird, M., (2011). Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and historical overview. Women at Work: Research, Policy and Practice, pp 77103, Tilde University Press. Burgess, J., French, E., and Strachan, G. (2010). The diversity management approach to Equal Employment Opportunity in Australian organisations, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 20(1), pp 77-92. Cassells, R. (2017). Will the real gender pay gap please stand up?. THE CONVERSATION, Academic rigour, journalistic flair, pp.1-4. Charlesworth, S,. (2012). Decent working conditions for care workers? The intersections of employment regulation, the funding market and gender norms. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 25(2),pp 107-125. Connell, R. (2016). 100 million Kalashnikovs: gendered power on a world scale. Debate Feminista, 51, pp 3-17. Haque, R., (2008). Non-English Speaking Background Migrant Women in Australia, 2, 6472, Springer Science Business Media. Copyright. Rawstron, K., (2013). Academic employment and gender equity legislation in Australia and Japan, 1970-2010. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32(8), pp.777-793. Skinner, N., and Pocock, B, (2011). Flexibility and work-life interference in Australia, Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(1),pp 65-82.

How does Sir Arthur Conan Doyle create suspense in the novel The Speckled Band free essay sample

One of the ways that Doyle builds up suspense throughout the story is by weaving in lots of red herrings into the storyline. The reader believes one thing whilst the story twists at the end and reveals something completely di? erent. As an example, when Miss Stoner’s sister dies and makes reference to a ‘Band† , the reader automatically assumes a ‘band of people’. Even Watson refers to a band of people, leading the reader to instantaneously think of the gypsies when in fact they have nothing to do with the crime. the way that Mr Doyle creates the characters helps build suspense into the story. He  portrays Sherlock’s character as a wise man who is quiet and reserved. Whilst making Dr Roylott character, a mean, tough and a sinister one. He also portrays Helen Stoner as a timid character who is scared of her father and is constantly in danger of losing her life. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Sir Arthur Conan Doyle create suspense in the novel The Speckled Band or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the stark contrast in all of the characters creates a tense and compelling atmosphere. An additional method, by which Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates suspense in the story is by making the characters give out all the facts â€Å"Pray be Precise as to Detail† (page 153) but doesnt give away any clues as to how or why the incident happened. As an example, when Helen asked about her sister’s death, Sherlock didnt say a word which leads the reader to think of possible causes of death. This engages the reader and also introduces mis-information into the story. The reader would believe someone (ie: the gypsies) or something had caused the death of Helen’s sister. When Conan Doyle writes his stories, he gives them a quick change of atmosphere. A chapetr begins with a relaxed feeling which suddenly becomes tense and fast-paced. An example, is when Sherlock and Watson are waiting in Helen’s room. The atmosphere is relatively calm and suddenly, Sherlock jumps and starts to thrash about. His style of writing and his attention to detail grabs the readers attention from the very start and holds it until the very end. The reader is taken on a rollercoaster journey ? lled with intrigue and emotion. The story is absorbing and un-put-downable. As is evident, there are many ways in which Sir Arthur Conan Doyle very e? ectively creates suspense throughout the story. This is one of the qualities that makes him among one of the most successful and popular authors.

Wireless Elecricity Essays

Wireless Elecricity Essays Wireless Elecricity Essay Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract- The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wireless Pow er Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Space Sol ar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell International and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by microwa ve power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impe dance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% e fficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilities of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara D esert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Courtesy o f the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth International Va cuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45

Eradication of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eradication of Obesity - Essay Example The proposed obesity eradication plan has many outcomes that occur during its implementation. The first one is that the long-term programs that address physical activity are often successful.   The programs that are implemented for more than five months are associated with increased physical activity and the young generation. Moreover, the programs that teach skill building are often associated with enhanced physical activity. While teaching the young people self-controlled physical action, expertise includes training them in ways by which they should integrate physical training into their lives and look for ways of making the physical exercise enjoyable and autonomous. In addition, the physical exercise obesity eradication plans that are designed for the adolescence group were very much effective. Implementation of the eradication of obesity project has benefits to the patients rather than the hospital. However there are some advantages that the hospital personnel have that affect the hospital indirectly. The implementation process helps the managers to perfect their managerial skills in the field. This in turn benefits the hospital because the managers could now handle their work with more efficiency thus benefiting the hospital. Moreover, the obesity eradication implementation action plan helps to break the monotony that nurses might be having in the hospital. In so doing, their brains are refreshed and thus they become rejuvenated and can improve their service afterwards thus benefiting the hospitals.